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Figure 21-1. Four Layer Cake Each layer has a pretty clearly defined purpose: Presentation The HTML shown to the user, along with the minimal code necessary to display data and loop over sets of data. Control The logic that routes requests (links and form submissions), interacts with the model (business logic), and selects the appropriate views (presentation) to display. Business Logic This is (or should be) the core of your application, containing all of your business objects and the operations they can perform or have performed on them. Database Access This contains all of the SQL operations necessary to get your business objects data in and out of the database.

Object-oriented programming is an entirely different method of implementing libraries and applications from the traditional or functional approach. Object orientation allows us to cleanly abstract the actual implementation of a library so that it can be easily reused and adapted through inheritance. Although we can achieve the same ends in functional implementations, it is typically a lot harder to maintain. In order to appreciate how Perl implements and provides for object-oriented programming, therefore, a basic grasp of object-oriented concepts is necessary.

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Perl s hands-on approach means that we can strip away a lot of the jargon that tends to accrete around the implementation of object orientation; the lack of any dogmatic adherence to a particular style or mechanism actually reduces the amount of learning a programmer needs to write objectoriented Perl. However, some concepts are fundamental to all object-oriented programming. The following sections are a short discussion of the most important ones in general terms, accompanied by Perl s perspective on them.

An object class provides the implementation of an object. It consists of class methods, routines that perform functions for the class as a whole, and object methods, routines that perform functions for individual objects (also called object instances). It may also contain package variables, or in objectoriented terminology, class attributes. The details of the class are hidden behind the interface provided by these methods, in the same way that a functional module hides its implementation from us. All object classes contain at least one important class method: a constructor that generates new object instances. In addition, it may have a destructor, for tidying up associated resources when an object instance is destroyed. Perl implements object classes with packages. In fact, a package is just an object class by another name. This basic equivalence is the basis for much of Perl s simple and obvious approach to objects in general. A class method is just a subroutine that takes a package name as its first argument, and an object method is a subroutine that takes an object name as its first argument. Perl automatically handles the passing of this first argument when we use the arrow (->) operator.

This approach allows us to change our presentation layer or to refactor and optimize the database without changing the core of our application. It also makes our business logic more testable, since we don t have to deal with either the database or the user interface in our testing and can therefore more easily automate our testing. The layered approach often allows us to reuse more of our code across multiple projects because it leads to code that has fewer dependencies on its environment.

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